Assassination Classroom Review Part 2: Content Guide

In Part 2 of our Assassination Classroom review, we will discuss the content from a Christian perspective. At the bottom of the post is a detailed Assassination Classroom content guide.

To read Part 1 of our Assassination Classroom Christian review, click here.

Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Reflection on the Anime’s Content

About This Parent Guide

At first, I planned to write one post on Assassination Classroom and be done.

But as I began drafting, I realized that combining both seasons into a single post would be overwhelming. Instead, I chose to split this into two parts: a review on the show itself and a reflection on the content, where my Assassination Classroom parent guide will appear.

This is Part 2 of my Assassination Classroom review, so today we will focus solely on the anime’s content; I’ll also provide my long Assassination Classroom content guide at the very end of the post.

I will also be omitting my usual “FAQs” section of this post because it fits better in Part 1 of my Assassination Classroom series, plus this post is so long already.

Our Assassination Classroom content guide examines the anime’s moral, sexual, and language concerns from a Christian perspective.

Who is Assassination Classroom For?

I want to make it clear: though this show is technically a shonen (which is aimed at adolescent boys), Assassination Classroom is not safe for kids. Assassination Classroom is not safe for most teens and likely not the best choice for most Christians, either.

Our Assassination Classroom content guide will hopefully make that clear.

What About the 2026 Anime Film for Assassination Classroom?

There is an upcoming Assassination Classroom film coming out in March 2026.

If I watch it, I will likely write another Assassination Classroom content guide specifically on the movie, but that remains to be seen.

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Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Violence/Gore

Considering the concept of the anime—training kids to assassinate their teacher—it should come as no surprise that there is frequent violence in Assassination Classroom. Gore also occurs.

The students frequently use various types of weapons and strategies to kill Koro-Sensei. Professional assassins also attempt to kill Koro-Sensei, and there are many fights.

The gore involves both blood and a slimy substance.

Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Frightening Scenes

Assassination Classroom contains peril for both students, villains, and other characters. The anime is not intended for young kids.

Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Sexual Content & Nudity

One of the questions I often wonder when choosing a new show is whether or not it’s safe from a sexual standpoint.

You’re probably wondering, Is Assassination Classroom clean? The answer is, unfortunately, no.

Assassination Classroom has heavy fanservice (suggestive content). It’s not an ecchi per se, but it leans heavily into ecchi elements, particularly with Irina Jelavic, a female assassin with an overly–exaggerated bust.

Irina often uses her body to seduce others. Although she doesn’t have sex with anyone on-screen, she is sometimes in sexual situations that make it very difficult to enjoy the show. Her character design is very sensual as well; she shows cleavage in the majority of the show, and it’s excessive and exaggerated. Even her bikini is closer to lingerie than a bikini.

Irina does eventually start to cover up her body more (Season 2 around Eps 9), but she still dresses immodestly on occasion.

The students themselves are sometimes sexualized, too, which is highly problematic because they are middle school students.

Additionally, characters look at p*rnographic magazines, especially Koro-Sensei. He is called a pervert, and he knows a lot of inappropriate information about his students, such as their breast size. He also takes a ton of pictures for a yearbook, but the students are not always aware of his presence, so some of the photos he takes are inappropriate. Koro-Sensei definitely has inappropriate behavior towards his students.

Our detailed Assassination Classroom parent guide at the bottom of this post will give plenty of additional detail on the fanservice in Assassination Classroom; this section will be LONG because there’s a lot to go over.

Language in the Assassination Classroom English Dub

For a shonen (aimed at young men and boys), the language is pretty heavy.

The anime frequently uses mild to moderate curse words, insults, and other unkind language. I wish it wasn’t as heavy in the language department, but just the word “d*mn“ and versions of that word occur at least 65 times over the course of two seasons.

Unfortunately, a huge contributor of the language are the middle school students themselves. For example, a reoccurring nickname for Irina is “Professor B*tch, coined by the students.

Once, a character says F-that, but it’s bleeped out. We also have many uses of h*ll and related phrases, b*st*rd, etc.

Assassination Classroom is not safe for adolescent boys, children, or anyone in the shonen demographic in my opinion.

Our detailed Assassination Classroom content guide will list more examples of cursing in the show to give you a better idea of what the profanity is like.

Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Substance Use

Substances appear here and there, mainly with some alcohol or champagne. A few situations occur in which under-aged students may discuss or even be offered alcohol. Some smoking occurs as well.

An experimental drug that causes people to grow tentacles and become super human is injected via a syringe, and students are given a drink that is laced with something that makes the students sick.

Out of all the concerns, substance use is one of the least prevalent from my opinion, but it’s still there.

Beyond physical content, the anime also has spiritual and moral concerns that Christian viewers may want to consider.

Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Spiritual Concerns (Christian Perspective)

When I say spiritual concerns, I don’t intend to list every single item that might be problematic for Christian viewers. My “Spiritual Concerns” section is dedicated to occurrences of other religions, false prayer, false gods, or cultural occurrences that may make some Christians wary.

There aren’t a lot of supernatural occurrences because, although Koro-Sensei and other characters with tentacles are clearly inhuman, they are bio-engineered, not given powers by a supernatural being. Characters do call their powers “god-like” and a temple in Kyoto is mentioned. Some non-Christian symbols and references appear, and some students resemble devils or demons on a few occasions for dramatic effect; they are not actually turning into physical demons.

Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Other Content Concerns

One of my biggest miscellaneous concerns is with gender identity. Nagisa is a male, and is happy as a male, but his mother wishes that she had a daughter. As a result, she makes Nagisa keep his hair long and even holds a dress up to him. Eventually, she seems to calm down a bit with her gender-obsession, but this is concerning.

Nagisa is also peer pressured by his classmates to dress up as a female on multiple occasions. He’s rather androgynous-looking, and easily pulls cross-dressing off. However, again, he does not enjoy it and fully enjoys being a male.

Another situation occurs when Koro-Sensei paints a different male student’s nails and gives him cute outfits. This student is also confident in his gender, but Koro-Sensei is often extremely odd.

Conclusion: Assassination Classroom Content Guide Overview

I cannot, in good conscience, recommend Assassination Classroom. I wish I could because the characters are very likable and there is some great redemption and spiritual growth; however, the entire concept of killing your teacher is problematic from a Christian perspective because we are told not to murder.

Additionally, the frequent foul language and sexual content, including the sexualization of middle school students, is highly problematic. I don’t rate the content “severe” because sexual acts don’t really occur, but people are sometimes in sexual positions, try to seduce others, and dress inappropriately.

All these factors make this show very hard to navigate safely from a Christian perspective. So personally, I do not recommend Assassination Classroom for Christians.

However, I never want to fear monger or say, “Christians cannot watch this!” A lot of people tend to do this, and my goal is to give you the information necessary to make an informed decision. We have freedom in Christ, and this freedom does not give us permission to sin, but it gives us permission to navigate gray area issues with the wisdom and guidance of The Holy Spirit and the concepts outlined in God’s Word. I recommend you pray for guidance if you are considering this show.

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Detailed Assassination Classroom Content Guide

*Please note that this guide contains detailed content notes and spoilers.

Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Language

Frequent use of language in every episode. Examples include, but are not limited to:

• D*mn/ d*mn it and related (at least 65 times)
• Sh*t and related (at least 8 times)/bull
• B*tch and related (at least 51 times)
• B*st*rd and related (at least 25 times)
• H*ll and related (at least 80 times)
• P*ss and related (at least 19 times)
• Pr*ck (at least 3 times)
• Harlot
• *ss and similar like jack, dumb, hole, etc ( at least about 41)
• F–that (beeped out)
• D*ck
• Some uses of Blasphemous phrases and taking the Lord’s name in vain
• Crap and related
• Insults and other terms like: Friggin, brat, jerkoffs, turds,  sucks. Stupid. Slobs. Maggots. Jerks. heck, Chick, Hot. bums. scumbag. dweebs, dang, party pooper, h*ssy, d*uche, perv/pervert, Petard, little creep, Psychotic little freaks, Jerkwads, comments about people being fat.
• “Like you’ve got the balls to try.”

Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Sexual Content & Nudity

Please note that the sexual content section of our Assassination Classroom content guide is split into multiple sections. It’s long because this is one of the biggest issues I have with the show.

• Throughout the show, Irina is dressed immodestly and she shows a ton of cleavage. Starting around Episode 8 of Season 2, she starts to cover up more; however, she never fully gives up sensuality.
• Female characters often wear short skirts.
• Girls tickle Kazuki in weird areas.
• A character shows her legs.
• A character talks about sex appeal.
• Mention of someone having giant boobs.
• Someone calls a computer “hot stuff.”
• Aa character writes an answer on her leg and shows it to a classmate.
• A female statue is slightly nude (similar to ancient art). Nude female statues shown in multiple episodes, including showing breasts.  
• Irina draws a face on her breasts.
• An ad shows cleavage, girls, and kissing. 
• Irina tries to seduce multiple people.
• There’s a guy who’s called “sexy guy.”
•  Someone says, “Finesse it like a full tongued kiss.”
• A girl is shown at a restaurant bar with cleavage.
• A magazine with lingerie is shown. Irina ordered some.
• Koro-Sensei is called a perv.
• People are shown in sexual positions.
• Girly magazine with a sexualized woman.
• Boys read inappropriate magazines.
• Magazines show girls in bikinis with cleavage.
• Large boobs bounce, making it hard to concentrate.
• Sensei reads pornographic magazines.
• Shirtless guys are shown in a photo.
• The kids swim. Guys are shirtless and girls have full coverage.
• A character calls a student babe. Someone talks about people being into a specific body type.
• A male has a camera, but the girls are all modest.
• A girl is shown with cleavage.
• A guy flirts with a girl, and she blushes.
• A dude touches someones hair and whispers to her.
• See a giant take off his armor. He is green and you can see his butt cheeks, and some monsters show their thighs.
• Mention of bikini clad babes and talking about hanging out with hotties.
• A villainous character mentions suggests keeping his fiance’s minor sister around as a back up wife, and says he has a thing for women destined to be impaled.
• We see a (wounded) female student’s chest and stomach. You don’t really see her boobs or anything and it’s not really explicit; she is just very wounded. She later wonders what happened to her top (which is torn) and is given a jacket by a male classmate. You can see her back as well.
• Koro-Sensei gives someone a bigger cup size.
• A character’s mother says she wanted a daughter. She forces her son to grow out his hair and holds up a dress on him. He, however, does not want to be a girl and eventually wants to cut his hair. However, this character can pass as a girl, so sometimes his classmates force him to dress as a girl.
• A student female bends over and looks a bit sexual in the intro.
• A character says, “She can tickle my ivories anytime.”
• “Help a lady hone her technique.”
• “Move in closer so you can see my fingering.” Irina mentioning it as she plays the piano, but it is meant to be suggestive.
• Mention of shoving Koro-Sensei down someone’s pants.
• Words used include: kinky and peeper.
• Koro-Sensei tries to scare his students and play matchmaker. He even sets up Twister. He is trying to get them to hook up so he has material for his book.
• The students want to pair up Irina and Mr. Karasuma.
• Mention of: Trashy bestseller, something racier. Parading the goods.
• Characters have Irina try on a modest dress from a student but it looks innaprioriate on her.
• Mention of using tongue and something horribly indecent planned for later.
• Irina is wearing a normal outfit, but a character thinks that leaving more to the imagination is even sexier, and a character gets a bloody nose because of it.
• “Dead set on neutering Nagisa.”
• Irina rubs a piece of food sensually.
• A character wants people to know that she is a B-Cup, and Koro-Sensei wants people to know that he is not an underwear thief.
• A character switches her skirt with Nagisa’s pants so he can pretend to be a girl and go on a date with the guy he went out once with. Flashback to Nagisa dressed as a girl. Nagisa says he’s a guy. Nagisa is not trans; he does not like being forced to dress as a girl.
• Cosplay shoot joke on Nagisa.
• Shadow outline of a person who looks naked (no details).
• A naked silhouette of a female student is shown; it’s not a normal color and it’s not explicit. Later, we see her actually naked, but it’s her back and not explicit here, either.
• A character kisses his classmate to distract her.
• A guy is seen without a shirt.
• A woman (not Irina this time) wears a shirt that shows a LOT of cleavage and emphasizes her breasts. Koros-Sensei’s nose bleeds. Her shirt shows part of her back too.
• Koro-Sensei is called slightly perverted.
• A character wants to hold Koro-Sensei and wants his strength.
• Koro-Sensei is able to use his powers to touch a girl through glass.
• A character says “Such wonderful tentacles.”
• A monster is shown shirtless.
• Koro is shown with large breasts and cleavage.
• A character leaves chocolate and a photo of a woman in a bikini for Koro-Sensei, and he is enthralled. He calls it a “first rate figure.”
• A character goes out with a guy and she acts sensual and is dressed in a fancy dress that shows her cleavage.
  

Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Episode by Episode Notes Concerning the Sexual Content

I am trying to be accurate with the episode numbers, but there is a slight chance that some might be off an episode or two.

Season 1 Episode 4

This episode is very mature in comparison to the first 3 episodes. Just in this episode alone, these things happen:

• A group of men try to mess with a female teacher (Irina) and get her to have sex with them. Koro-Sensei saves her.
• Irina has very, very, very emphasized breasts that are basically spilling out of her top.
• Knockers (breasts) mentioned.
• Irina tries to seduce Koro-Sensei.
• Irina has a short skirt (the students do as well)
• Irina kisses Nagisa (a student) and pulls him close to her boobs.
• A character is emphasized crossing her legs.
• Koro Sensei’s face blushes pink a lot.
• Irina gets Koro-Sensei into a shed to “speak in private.” She is trying to seduce him—in doing so, her butt moves and her breasts are emphasized. She is trying to trap him. She says she will be au natural, but thankfully, she is still clothed. Koro is only pretending to fall for it, however; and in order to retaliate against her, he grooms her (gives her a massage, changes her clothes, etc). While he is doing this, we hear her moan, which is highly suggestive even though they are not having intercourse. The kids ask if he touched her breasts. Koro-Sensei’s retaliation ends up involving putting Irina in a retro gym outfit.
• The students comment on her breasts.
• Irina starts teaching and makes the students study the sentence “You are incredible in bed.”
• We see Irina nude one or more times, and one involves her in a flashback.

Season 1 Episode 5

• Irina pulls Nagisa (student) into her boobs (second time she has done this) and asks for more intel.

Season 1 Episode 7

• Kazaki and Kaede get kidnapped, and their kidnappers plan to have a “commemorative photo shoot.”
• Kazuki was a party girl apparently.
• Nagisa and the others save the girls before weird pictures are taken.

Season 1 Episode 8

• Some of the girls are trying to see what Koro-Sensei looks like naked. They imagine what he’s like and then walk into a bath that he’s in. Koro-Sensei won’t let them see him naked. They wonder if he’s buff or smooth.

Season 1 Episode 17

• Mention of bikini clad babes.
• It is discussed that the best way to bait Koro-Sensei is with pornographic material.
• Koro reads pornographic material.
• Characters discuss smut and donating magazines (the magazines are dirty).
• A student believes that, “In the end pornography will save the world.”
• Discussion of pornographic material multiple times/Using pornographic material to set a trap/Pile of pornographic material.
• Guys in swimsuits (shirtless).
• Girl in bikini.
• Another girl in a very modest suit minus it being short.
• Irina is basically wearing lingerie as a swimsuit, (wayyy more showy than even a bikini for her bottoms).
• T*ts mentioned.

Episode 18 of Season 1

• A character pats another down to make sure he doesnt have a swimsuit.
• The students show a video of Koro-Sensei with his pornographic material pile.
• Ritsu has a bikini.
• They show the pic of him looking at pornographic material again.
• Mention of something along the lines of “Thinking about all of the hotties is making my nose bleed.”
• Irina (with her bust clearly emphasized) is shown in a sexual position. It’s after the credits during her “Super Secret Skills Series.”

Season 1 Episode 20

• Ritsu’s outfit kinda emphasizes her body.
• The girls have short shorts on.
• Guests have bikinis and swimming suits on.
• Characters force Nagisa into a girl outfit (to be undercover). Nagisa looks kinda girly and he asks if they are his pimp.
• Mention of arouse.
• Nagisa is super embarrassed. A guy tries to make moves on him and offers to buy Nagisa a drink; Nagisa is supposed to act natural so he has to.
• Nagisa wears a short skirt.
• Other dudes are making moves on other girls in the class too.
• A character mentions “huge melons.”
• A character thinks a dress looked good on their male classmate.
• Kids rifle in pockets. Find real guns.

Season 1 Episode 22

• Irina says she wants to be naked by the ocean. We see a close up of her cleavage.
• Irina wears a very showy bikini that is more like lingerie than anything else.
• The girls wear bikinis and swimsuits, which were under their uniforms.
• One kid takes off everything (we see his clothes in the air, and the top part of him, no p*nis shown.
• Irina makes moves on someone, who declines.

Season 2 Episode 2

• The second arc of the episode after the pudding one is worth skipping. It is sexually uncomfortable and the only important thing is that Shiro was trying to get Koro-Sensei so he could attack him.
• It explores pornographic material, underwear theft, discussion of sexual issues, women in inappropriate dress, someone trying to seduce another, and other concerning things.
• Additionally, Koro-Sensei knows way too much about his student’s bra sizes.

Season 2 Episode 4

• Smuts/Smut.
• Perv.
• A guy wanted to look up the girls skirts.
• Irina has cleavage as always.
• The kids get really weird nicknames such as womanizing scumbag, home plate, loofah, picture book graduate, forever flat, English lass, gender, terminal perv, this manga is amazing, dating sim emo character, scrunchies and boobs, and box of moe.
• Very perverted chicken.

Season 2 Episodes 7 & 8

• Irina is captured and shown tied up with a showy outfit. She has cleavage.
• A chalk picture of a female body appears (naked, anatomically accurate).
• A male character shown without a shirt.
• Short shorts, crop tops, cleavage.
• A character watches a romance and is seen scratching her butt. She is wearing short shorts, bra hanging in background.
• Irina shown naked in a pool of blood.
• A male character takes off his shirt to make a bandage for Irina. Irina has a bloody nose from seeing him naked. She says it has her hot and bothered.
• After these episodes, however, Irina starts to dress a bit more modestly overall.

Season 2 Episode 18

• After the credits, Ritsu is seen basically naked. She has something that looks like nipple covers, but she opens her coat suggestively and says that she has learned infiltration. It seems sexual. You don’t see her privates but you see her chest and stomach areas.

In Episode 21 of Season 2

• Koro-Sensei plans to make a yearbook and he apparently took a LOT of photos over the year, including ones that were nonconsensual.
• In one of these photos, a male student is totally naked minus a tie, which covers his sensitive area.
• Another photo is of Nagisa being forced to put on a maid uniform.
• Other photos include a nun photo & Karma without a shirt.
• A character mentions making love ten times a day.
• A photo appears with Irina and Karasuma in wedding clothes. She has a bloody nose. She ends up super out of it because she is in love.

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Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Violence/Gore

The entire show centers around kids becoming assassins and trying to kill their teacher, so there is plenty of violence and gore. Also, a lot of the violence is done to, or done by, middle school students. The content includes, but is not necessarily limited to:

• All the kids hold a gun to their teacher and try to shoot him; he is unharmed.
• A character shoots himself. He can, however, regenerate.
• A student is fairly violent, and in a flashback, we see blood. This student likes blood and weapons.
• A character keeps punching a wall.
• A character is very violent and wants to kill his teacher.
• A character stabs an octopus and brings it to class.
• A character has blood on her.
• Two characters have a kill-off.
• When Koro-Sensei is attacked, slimy stuff comes out.
• A character is very scary and strong. He is willing to harm others in order to train them, which includes the students.
• A character is shown covered in blood in an imaginary scene.
• A snake is shown attacking someone; this snake is a symbol.
• A character is shown feeding centipedes to another.
• A girl shoves markers into a guy’s nose and makes it bleed.
• A student forces spicy stuff up a person’s nose and is called a sadist. He is being cruel and torturing someone.
• A character gets shot and bleeds out.
• A character is lonely and considers seppuku (a type of suicide) if no one showed up; people do show up and suggest that they shouldn’t have.
• Characters get hurt and bleed.
• The kids get kicked.
• A well-liked character gets seriously harmed/injured.
• A character has “blood lust.”
• A character is shown naked in a pool of blood.
• A character has a 10 caliber and he shoots another character.
• A character bleeds a ton and it’s graphic, but turns out it was tomato juice.
• A character’s mother is physically abusive.
• A character slaps his son and makes him fly.
• A character is physically wounded.
• A character is abused physically by her fiance.
• A character throws up blood.
• A character takes people out. There is blood.
• A character is attacked, pierced, and bleeds.
• A character kills others. There is blood.
• A character’s eye is pierced. Blood.
• A character is pierced, bleeds, and dies.
• A character shoves another character, and they fight.
• Characters play paintball to settle a disagreement.
• Characters beat each other up. Blood.
• Characters threaten people with a fake bomb.
• A character gets so happy that he got chocolate for Valentine’s Day that he keeps hitting a pole purposefully.
• Characters take out guards.
• A soldier is tortured with spicy things in his nose and something in his mouth in order to lure out the soldier’s comrades. It’s at least the second time spicy stuff has been used in someone’s nose for torture.
• Characters team up to take out a difficult enemy.
• A character is tazed.
• A character picks up a knife and says he will kill someone.
• A character kills another.
• Characters try to kill their teacher when it’s high tide. The place they are in is flooded and a character becomes waterlogged.
• A character’s mother hits her son’s head on the table.
• A character’s mother tries to force him to burn down his school.
• A student takes out assassins on multiple occasions.

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Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Frightening Scenes

Because there are many fights and attempts at assassination, there are many scenes that might be frightening to young or sensitive viewers. Some of the scenes include, but are not necessarily limited to:

• Throughout the show, children are shown in dangerous and often life-threatening situations.
• Some characters sustain injuries that are severe and even fatal.
• A character purposefully jumps off of a cliff.
• A student sees his old teacher turn into a skeleton.
• During tests, the students are shown defeating literal monsters as a metaphor for conquering the test questions. These monsters can be creepy, and the scenes can be a bit tense.
• Principal Asano is rather unsettling; he can manipulate others and even make his students resemble zombies. The principal also acts creepy towards his son.
• A character wants to tie up a student and plans to use her as bait for Koro-Sensei; he believes that Koro-Sensei would commit suicide in order to protect his student.
• A mentally deranged man wants to get revenge on a student, and nearly kills other students.
• When people are tazed, it looks like saliva leaks out of them.
• Some students accidentally knock an elderly gentleman off his bike, causing the elderly man to sustain injuries.
• Koro-Sensei throws upon an occasion or so.
• A building explodes.
• A character injects himself with a substance that turns him into a creepy monster.
• A character sacrifices himself for others and takes blow after blow in order to protect others.
• A character gets stabbed in his eye, and it is bloody. This scene is shown a couple of times.
• A beloved character is severely wounded and bleeds.
• The villains can be really creepy.
• A character’s mother acts creepy towards her son and pretends he is a daughter.

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Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Substances

• Kids talk about booze and remark about not being old enough to drink.
• Irina smokes.
• An assassin smokes.
• Irina has beer.
• A character offers to buy Nagisa a drink.
• Smoking and drinking/alcohol appear.
• Nagisa talks his “date” out of smoking or at least tries to. This is mentioned another time as well.
• Someone mentions too many tequila shots.
• Champagne appears on a table while characters are on a date.
• Champagne appears for celebration.
• A character drugs their child.
• Students are given drinks that make them very sick.

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Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Spiritual Concerns

• A character is said to have god-like powers
• A character dresses like a nun.
• Mention of a temple in Kyoto.
• Mention of an “Achilles’ heel.”
• Karma looks like a devil/demon on multiple occasions.
• Skull appears
• Nakamura appears like a devil in an episode.
• A character believes he will be a temple where “God-like” powers thrive.
• Koro-Sensei pretends to be a ghost.
• Okuda is known as a “demon in chemistry.” Karma likes her and imagines her making potion to help him.
• A woman wears a shirt with oni on it.

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Assassination Classroom Content Guide: Other Concerns

•  Koro-Sensei does weird things to Karma (his student) like painting nails and giving him cute outfits.
• A student likes a dark book and doesn’t like that the hero finds redemption in the story.
• Nagisa is often pressured to dress like a girl. He hates it.

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Cover Photo Credit: Screenshot from Assassination Classroom Episode 1 on Crunchyroll Youtube. Under fair use for review/commentary/education/criticism. All rights retained by respective owners.